Information On The Career Of Psychology Essays - Applied Psychology

Information On The Career Of Psychology Psychology Job Outlook Employment of psychologists is expected to grow more slowly than the average for all occupations through the year 2006. More job opportunities will arise in businesses, nonprofit, organizations, and research and computer firms for psychologists working as consultants. Companies will use psychologists' expertise in survey design, analysis, and research to provide marketing evaluation and statistical analysis. Opportunities for people holding doctorates from leading universities in areas with an applied emphasis, such as clinical, counseling, health, and educational psychology, should have particularly good prospects. Psychologists with extensive training in quantitative research methods and computer science may have a competitive edge over applicants without this background. Graduates with a master's degree in psychology are qualified for positions in school and industrial-organization psychology. Graduates of master's degree programs in school psychology should have the best job prospects, as schools expected to increase student counseling and mental health services. Still others may find jobs involving research and data collection and analysis in universities, government, or private companies. Bachelor's degree holders can expect very few opportunities, directly related to psychology. Some may find jobs as assistants in rehabilitation centers, or in other jobs involving data collection and analysis. Those who meet State certification requirements may become high school psychology teachers. Earnings According to 1995 survey by the American Psychological Association, the median salary of psychologists with a doctoral degree and 5 to 9 years of experience was $55,000 in counseling psychology in individual private practice; $ 54,500 in private research organizations; $51,000 as clinical psychologists in public psychiatric hospitals; and $59,000 in school psychology. The median annual salary of master's degree holders was $38,000 in counseling psychology; $43,000 in clinical psychology; $41,500 in research positions; $60,000 in school psychology, and $55,000 in industrial-organizational psychology. Some psychologists have much higher earnings, particularly those in private practice. The Federal Government recognizes education and experience in certifying applicants for entry-level positions. In general, the starting salary for psychologists having a bachelor's degree was about $19,500 a year in 1997; those with superior academic records could begin at $24,200. Psychologists with a master's degree and 1 year of experience could start at $29,600. Psychologists, having a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree and 1 year of internship could start at $35,800 and some individuals with experience could start at $42,900. Related Occupations Psychologists are trained to conduct research and teach, evaluate, counsel, and advise individuals and groups with special needs. Others who do this kind of work include marketing research analysts, advertising and public relations managers, clinical social workers, physicians, sociologists, clergy, special education teachers, and counselors. Occupations for People with Psychology Majors Surveys of employers and psychology graduates indicate that the jobs obtained by psychology majors with a bachelors degree are most often in social service and business setting, such as: Business: personnel administrator, loan officer, retail sales management, occupational analyst, industrial relations specialist, claims specialist, and marketing representative. Social Services: group home attendant, case worker, probation officer, admissions counselor, occupational therapist, substance abuse counselor, youth counselor, employment counselor, social service aide, public health administrator, parole officer, social-urban planner, community relations officer, affirmative action officer, vocational rehabilitation, and day care center supervisor. What Psychologists Do Psychologists study the human mind and human behavior. Research psychologists investigate the physical, cognitive, emotional, or social aspects of human behavior. Psychologists in applied fields provide mental health care in hospitals, clinics, schools, or private settings. Like other social scientists, psychologists formulate hypotheses and collect data to test their validity. Research methods may vary depending on the topic under study. Psychologists sometimes gather information through controlled laboratory experiments, as well as through administering personality, performance, aptitude, and intelligence tests. Other methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, clinical studies, and surveys. Health psychologists promote good health through health maintenance counseling programs that are designed to help people achieve goals such as to stop smoking or lose weight. Cognitive psychologists deal with money, thinking, and perceptions. Some conduct research related to computer programming and artificial intelligence. Counseling psychologists use various techniques, including interviewing and testing to advise, on how to deal with problems of everyday living. Developmental psychologists study the physiological development that takes place throughout life. Experimental or research psychologists work in university and private research centers, and in business, nonprofit and governmental organizations.

The Culture and Civilization tradition Essay Example

The Culture and Civilization tradition Essay Example The Culture and Civilization tradition Paper The Culture and Civilization tradition Paper He also sees society as a whole possessing a common basis of human nature (11) however he seams to think that the Barbarians and Philistines have a better developed basis of human nature than the Populace. As john Storey says, Arnold seems to be suggesting that the aristocracy and middle classes are further along the evolutionary continuum than the working class (12) This follows through that everyone has a place in society and that all should look to their betters for guidance. So Arnold, although being the pioneer of modern cultural thinking, seems to have been restricted by tradition and his place in society. Therefore his outlook on todays popular culture simply could not work without some adaptation. He appears to have a fear of the working class and really doesnt try to understand their culture other than from the view that it must be controlled to some extent. If their culture was left to develop alone it would be unchanging; the mass of mankind will never have an ardent zeal (to better themselves), very inadequate ideas will always satisfy them (13) Arnolds view lasted for nearly a century until the 1930s when F. R. Leavis and his wife Queeny Leavis picked up the baton with their publications Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture and Fiction and the reading public. Their ideas were developed in the period between the wars, a time in which they had seen the Wall Street crash in America, along with the building up through the press of movies and film stars, and to some extent American subcultures. This contrasted with the disillusionment of the British public with their government over the handling of the war. There was a general, mainly in the middle classes, worry of society falling into chaos. The public was dissatisfied with the upper classes and religion because of their involvement and leadership during the war a style of command that resulted in many lower class men loosing their lives in the trenches. It was this at time that great developments were made in democracy and a move was made away from the direct rule of the monarchy. It wasnt so much that the working classes were able to get into authority or government, but they did have more of a say over proceedings. Leavisism is based on the idea, created by Arnold that the ruling class minority of society dictates the rituals of the masses. Since the Industrial revolution a wish and an ability of the lower classes to follow their own desires had eroded this dictation. Leavisism believed that steps must be taken to bring them back into the fold. Where Arnold is remorseful of the falling of the feudal system, Queeny is nostalgic for the time when the masses exhibited an unquestioning ascent to authority. (14) She and her husband believed that Arnolds feared anarchy had already come to pass and that through education the lower classes should be instructed out of their subversive culture. Their suggestions for this education included the reading of adverts in terms of them and us, the masses and the educated respectively. F. R. Leavis promoted his own form of education and examination in popular culture with reference to media. He suggested that pupils in the final years before higher education looked at adverts in terms of questions, some of which would be relevant and helpful today, as well as some questions that confirm the status of the elitism. Questions such as What do you think his attitude would be towards us, how would he behave in situations where mob passions run high? (With reference to a Tobacco advert and the subject therein). (15) Q. D. Leavis believed that products of popular culture such as Films and trash novels have an almost hypnotic effect over their audience that people became de-educated by them. They evolve an under culture which detracts from high culture. She therefore sees the modern media as an enemy to the idealist vision of a national culture, where the only option of theatre provided a unilateral version of culture. Leavisism could be said to be anti-capitalist as it dislikes the commercial interests of the 19th and 20th centuries where the rising middle classes were attempting to use the working classes wish to escape by selling them dreams in the form of cultural products. Leavisism tapped into a train of thought of the time which was nostalgic for a more settled time before the rising up of commercial interests, when the working classes were directly answerable to the their land owners. The culture and civilization tradition was a way of looking at the changing world and trying to put it back to how it was. The Culture and Civilization tradition was used as a tool for a nai ve community to try and understand how the media effected society. Arnold developed his theory to explain societies social order and authority, and the importance of cultural subordination to the maintenance of this. Leavisism used is it to explain how media products were contributing to an unsettled system of authority. This way of looking at media studies died out during the 1950s when society as whole changed with wider expectance of new things and the evolution of thought towards individuality. (1) John Storey, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: an introduction (third edition), Pearson Education, 2001, p. 17 (2) Mathew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, London: Cambridge University Press, 1960, p. 6 (3) John Storey, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: an introduction (third edition), Pearson Education, 2001, p. 18. (4) Mathew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, p. 42 (5) Ibid. p. 89 (6) Ibid. p. 179 (7) Ibid. p. 163 (8) Ibid. p. 164 (9) John Storey, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, p. 19 (10) Ibid. (11) Mathew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, p. 105 (12) John Storey, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, p. 19 (13) Matthew Arnold, poetry and prose, London: Robert Hart Davis, 1954 p. 364 (14) Mathew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, p. 23 (15) Leavis and Thompson, Culture and Environment Greenwood press, 1977, p. 17.

The Psychology of Deceit

The Psychology of Deceit Hashtag: #TypicalLies The Psychology of Deceit Everyone lies but the rate, objective, and extent of those lies vary among people. Many #TypicalLies are attempts to avoid punishment and they emerged during childhood (â€Å"No mom, I did not eat any cookies†) and continue into adulthood (â€Å"Officer please, I was only driving maybe 1 or 2 miles per hour over the speed limit†). People lie for many different reasons and the most typical include exploratory lying, bragging, make-believe, and cover-up. However, lies that aim to mislead or cover-up are the most serious and become more sophisticated as people get older. The study shows that majority of people lie to cover up past misdeeds or attempts to get out of some unpleasant situation. Some people lie through facial expression such as hiding their anger, fear, sadness, and distress through a smile. In fact, increased blinking, blushing, blanching, and facial sweating are signs of lying. White lies are falsehoods but often not intended to harm anyone. For instance, if your grandmother asks, â€Å"Did I knit your sweater too big?† most us might reply, â€Å"Oh, it’s perfect, I love roomy sweaters† just to avoid hurting her feelings. Similarly, we lie to uplift other people’s spirits through flattery such as â€Å"You look so sexy in that dress† to boost her confidence about the weight loss program. Intentional false statements are a moral issue but most people believe that trivial lies are beneficial. In fact, study shows that academic dishonesty in the form of white lies, altruistic lies, and trick lies are common in schools. Related articles: College Students Why Students Hate Monday? Why Some Students Hate Their Teacher? Students Right to Conscientious Objection   Helping Autistic Students Shine in Mainstream Classroom   White Lies in the Classroom â€Å"Do you understand?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Yes, mam!† Lying is a common occurrence in the classroom, as students tend to avoid social losses by hiding the truth. However, the most typical are lying about his or her understanding of the lesson, the real reason for not doing the assignment, and respond over an irritating reprimand with a poker face. Some students lie to avoid getting into trouble or doing additional tasks thus often responding with a â€Å"Yes Mam!† rather than telling the truth of his or her lack of knowledge. Similarly, it is far more convenient for students to lie about his assignment than to admit that he spent the night out with friends. Most students, regardless of rage over teacher’s reprimand respond with silence and a poker face. This according to the study of students learning and classroom behavior is the negative result of reinforcing classroom teaching with punishment. Punishment produces a rapid and significant behavioral effect and although such reinforcement can result in permanent suppression of potentially injurious behavior, it can lead to aggression, escapes, apathy, abuse, and imitation of those who punished them. An infuriated student with a poker face is trying to escape or avoid the source of punishment by cheating and lying about his true feelings. Similarly, a student saying ridiculous excuses like â€Å"The dog ate my assignment† or copying someone else’s homework is escaping the punishment by lying. Other students’ escape tactics include flattery, crying, and showing remorse. However, it is important to note that aggression becomes a viable alternative to cheating and lying when escape is no longer possible. In fact, aggression becomes all too common and not always directed to the source of injury such as vandalizing valuable school property and shooting rampage in worse cases.

Anti competitive behaviour amongst oligopoly firms and government Essay

Anti competitive behaviour amongst oligopoly firms and government regulations - Essay Example For this study, a brief concept of competition law will be provided followed by discussing some economic factors that enables oligopolistic firms to violate the competition law in the markets. Upon discussing the negative economic consequences of forming oligopoly firms, the role of government regulations on how to control and minimize the negative impact of collusion within the oligopolistic market will be thoroughly discussed. Competition law promotes free trade and healthy competition among the local and international businesses in order to protect the economic welfare of the consumers from businesses that will abuse its market power within a particular industry. (Vedder, 2004; Opi, 2001) As part of promoting free trade in the market, competition law is very much focused on eliminating and reducing the cases of monopolistic competition. Basically, the promotion of a free trade competition enables the consumers to enjoy the privilege of With the purpose of dominating the market, product characteristics dictate the ability of oligopoly firms to enter into collusion. Using the Nash benchmark, the study conducted by Engel (2007) reveals that there is a higher possibility for companies that sell heterogeneous products with few substitutes to collude as compared to businesses that sell homogenous products. It means that businesses that offer heterogeneous products have more competitive advantage or niche as compared to other businesses. The size of the market and the number of manufacturers that produces the same product also affects the ability of oligopolistic firms to enter into collusion. Basically, the bigger the market size in terms of the total number of people within a population would mean that there is a bigger demand for the product. On the other hand, the lesser the number of manufacturers that produces the same type of goods would mean that the supply for the product would be lesser as compared a situation

Social Organization Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Organization Analysis - Essay Example Another fallacy presented is fallacy of appeal to pity. The video tries to encourage people to donate by making them feel sorry for the victims of animal cruelty. The viewers are led to believe that giving financial support to the organization will help promote the plight of the poor animals. The organization may be guilty of using content fallacies. Although it gave information on the number of animals being abused every single hour and the number of animals which were rescued last year, one does not have any way of confirming the said data because the source of the figures were not given. The arguments presented may make us suspicious because the figures could very well be invented just to get a lot of contributions. The fallacies have a strong impact on the aim of the organization to encourage people to make a donation. I think that the fallacies used are very effective into moving the viewers to action by calling right after watching the video. There was even a statement which wa s shown, â€Å"For hundreds of others, help came too late.† The statement used would make viewers react at once; else it would be too late for the â€Å"hundreds† of animals. The impact of this is that there seems to be a sense of urgency in the issue being presented.

Slavery in Colonial Times Essay Example for Free

Slavery in Colonial Times Essay The colonization of North America was fronted by European explorers who discovered the existence of territories in the west. Prior to the colonization of North America, tribes who inhabited the region were in command over their lands and their people. The invasion of European colonizers has eventually brought about radical changes, mainly due to irresolvable conflicts, to the North American tribes’ way of life. Although slavery was notably practiced by European colonizers, native tribes also observed it. Slavery has become one important aspect of the people’s existence as the practice of slavery and servitude was sustained and adapted from the European culture. Slavery and slave trade was significantly practiced during the colonial period and has served a purpose for those who implemented it. In some instances, slaves were traded in order to put an end to the deteriorating population of North American tribes whose members were victimized by the war and also by illnesses brought about by ailments and infections without any known cure. This practice of slavery serves a communal and political purpose as it aims to bring back social order in a tribe. For economic purposes, acquired slaves, most especially those of African descent, were marketed to other slave traders. Moreover, captives were used to work and serve for people in higher classes of society. For others, slave trade was practices in order to fulfill debts or other neglected responsibilities. The concept of slavery being observed during the colonial times is not a big surprise to almost everyone who is aware of the present conditions of society. We have been hearing terminologies such as racism and discrimination, and as far as I know, this present societal problem originated from slavery. Slavery is inhuman and should be abhorred by everyone. I believe that ethnocentrism, or the belief of the superiority of one’s culture, is the main reason for slavery and slave trade during the colonial times. European colonizers made ethnic tribes and groups as slaves due to ethnocentrism. Since then, our society has been facing problems regarding social order and global peace.

Cause and Effect Essay - Emergency Contraception Causes Abortion

Emergency Contraception Causes Abortion      Ã‚  Ã‚   Brown University associate professor of medicine, Ralph Miech, M.D., Ph.D., stated the abortive nature of EC in the Providence Journal on August 3, 1998: "This type of pill causes an abortion. From a pharmacologic perspective, this type of pill should be called an 'abortion-after pill'."    The question must be asked: "How is this contraception?" Women are being falsely led to believe that these pills are contraceptive in nature. But one of their common and intended modes of action is to prevent the development of the embryo, resulting in his or her death.    A major problem in this debate is the manipulation of terms. The FDA, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and abortion advocacy groups long ago endorsed a change in the definitions of "conception" and "pregnancy" to confuse the issue. Instead of equating conception with fertilization, and seeing a woman as pregnant if her body contains a living, developing embryo, they equate "conception" and "pregnancy" with the implantation of the embryo in the uterus 6 to 10 days later. Thus a drug or device that destroys the early embryo or disrupts its development is redefined as "contra-ceptive," even though it is abortifacient in nature.    The new Preven regimen and similar so-called "morning-after" pills, which can actually be taken several days after intercourse, are high doses of ordinary birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin, which have long been known to inhibit pregnancy. In response to years of pressure from some medical and advocacy groups, the FDA recommended six brands of oral contraceptive pills in high doses (Ovral, Lo/Ovral, Nordette, Levlen, Triphasil, and Tri... ...th the endometrium "could explain the majority of cases where pregnancies are prevented by the morning-after pill" (Wilks 154). Without implantation, which occurs about a week after fertilization, the embryo cannot develop and will die.    WORKS CITED    FDA Notice, 62 Fed. Reg. 861 [Feb. 25, 1997]).    Harper, C. and C. Ellertson. "Knowledge and Perceptions of Emergency Contraceptive Pills Among a College-Age Population: A Qualitative Approach." 27 Family Planning Perspectives 149 [July-August 1995].    Stubblefield, P. "Self-Administered Emergency Contraception -- A Second Chance." 339 New England Journal of Medicine 41 [July 2, 1998].    Wilks, J. A Consumer's Guide to the Pill and Other Drugs [1997]. Cites F. Grou and I. Rodrigues, "The morning-after pill: How long after?", 171 Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1529-34 [1994].      

Inequalities In Healthcare Older Person Health And Social Care Essay

The UK has a quickly ageing population with increased health care demands. Yet societal isolation and exclusion ensuing from stigma and age favoritism means that many older people are confronted with inequalities in entree to and quality of wellness attention. These inequalities are peculiarly prevailing among older people with mental wellness issues and older people from black and cultural minority groups. There are a figure of stairss nurses can take to increase the inclusion of older people in wellness publicity and community-based health care services. Nurses are examples for public wellness service bringing and are competently placed to show the importance of health care services free from ageist and prejudiced attitudes. The UK comprises an ageing population. Over the last 25-years the per centum of the population aged 65-years and over increased from 15 % in 1984 to 16 % in 2009, an addition of 1.7 million people ( ONS, 2010 ) . Over the same period, the per centum of the population aged under 16-years decreased from 21 % to 19 % . This tendency is anticipated to go on and it is projected that by 2034, 23 % of the population will be aged 65-years and over. The fastest population addition has been in the figure of people aged 85-years and over ; by 2034 the figure of people in this class is expected to be 5 % of the entire population. The addition in measure of life is frequently non accompanied by additions in health-related quality of life ( QoL ) ( ONS, 2010 ) . The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( ELSA ) found that for both work forces and adult females, overall QoL lessenings from province pension age onwards, with the fastest diminution happening after 70-years of age ( Hyde et al. , 2003 ) . In both work forces and adult females aged 65-84-years, circulatory diseases were the taking cause of decease. Ratess of respiratory and infective diseases, malignant neoplastic diseases, hurt, and poisoning were besides higher in this age group compared to younger groups. The highest mortality rates were in people aged 85-years and over, with circulatory diseases holding the highest rates, followed by respiratory diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases ( ONS, 2006 ) . Therefore, despite persons aged 65-years and over accounting for merely 16 % of the population, they represent 40 % of all those who are non in good wellness and are likely to hold specific health care demands ( ONS, 2001 ) . Indeed, it has been reported that the figure of old ages of life spent in hapless general wellness between 1981 and 2006 rose from 6.4-8.7 old ages for males and from 10.1-11.0 old ages for females ( ONS, 2010 ) . This is, in portion, due to an addition in unhealthy lifestyle patterns. For illustration, in England, the per centum of people aged 45-64 and 65-74 who were corpulent increased by 10 % to approximately 30 % between 1995 and 2007 ( ONS, 2009 ) . This is mostly due to progressively unhealthy diets accompanied by decreased physical activity. It is therefore non surprising that, in 2007, about two-thirds of both work forces and adult females aged 75-years and over in Great Britain reported holding a long-run chronic unwellness or disablement. Despite a greater demand for interaction with health care services, older people can go socially degage and unable to entree support from health care professionals. This is non ever the consequence of restricted mobility or single pick, but societal exclusion is strongly associated with increasing age. Regardless of the ground for societal isolation, it finally leads to immense inequalities in the proviso of wellness services across age groups. Indeed, extra findings from the ELSA survey show that in 2006 about one in 10 people aged 50-years and over in England did non hold anyone strongly back uping them when in demand ( Hyde et al. , 2003 ) . This includes friends and household, every bit good as health care professionals. Many older people are widowed and therefore besides lose out on the extra wellness benefits of societal support. Furthermore, since older people ‘s traveling forms are frequently dependent on their wellness, without entree to transport for GP, infirmary, an d other health care assignments, particular attempts to forestall inequalities in entree to healthcare are paramount. Excluded older people can be found across all geographical parts of England. However, there are some countries which are found to hold a higher extent of exclusion amongst their older population than other countries. Older people populating in London have been found to be more multiply excluded compared with older people populating in other parts in England. The south E and E of England are found to hold the least hazard of exclusion amongst older people. The north E and West, Yorkshire/Humber, E and west Midlands and south west all have higher rates of exclusion for older people. Social isolation through exclusion is a peculiar hazard factor for older people from minority cultural groups, those in rural countries, and for people older than 75-years who are widowed or populating entirely ( Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2006 ) . It is a common hazard factor for a scope of wellness jobs and therefore prioritizing bar of wellness jobs by undertaking societal isolation is being encouraged ( DH, 2010 ) . Concentrating on bar requires taking action to: 1 ) hold or change by reversal older people ‘s impairment ( i.e. advance their independency and wellbeing ) ; 2 ) cut down the hazard of crises and the injury arising from them ; 3 ) maximise people ‘s operation ( i.e. re-enablement ) ; and, 4 ) provide attention closer to place ( i.e. arrange for he least institutional or intensive intercession that is able to suitably run into people ‘s demands ) . It has been stated that commissioning should turn to all four facets of bar in order to to the full optimize the local system. Particular attempts to forestall inequalities in entree to healthcare are overriding if the dogma of the NHS, that everyone has a right to wellness attention on the footing of demand and clinical ability, is to be maintained.Age DiscriminationAge favoritism, one of the Standards outlined in the NSFOP, is a signifier of bias that exacerbates the job of societal exclusion. It can be defined as handling person below the belt because of their age, for illustration, by supplying them with a lower quality of attention. This is surprisingly prevailing within the NHS. In a study of 200 physicians, conducted by the British Geriatric Society ( BGS ) , over half expressed that they would be worried about how the NHS would handle them in old age ( Clark, 2009 ) . Age favoritism can hold dramatic and damaging effects on older people and the attention they receive. For illustration, in the study conducted by the BGS, 72 % of the physicians said that older people were less likely to be considered for and referred on for indispensable interventions or specializer attention. The debut of the Equality Act 2010, which replaces the bing responsibilities on the populace sector to advance race, disablement and gender equality, now comprises a individual responsibility to advance equality across eight ‘protected ‘ features ( Box 2 ) . The Act besides includes commissariats leting the authorities to do age favoritism in service planning and bringing improper. This is likely to be implemented in 2012 and therefore it is important that nurses make themselves cognizant of what age favoritism is, the different types of age favoritism, and how it can be prevented ( Box 3 ) . Age favoritism is non needfully a witting act and therefore health care professionals are likely to be questioned on actions and clinical picks that would antecedently hold been acceptable. Examples of age favoritism are presented in Box 4. It is anticipated that the Equality Act 2010 will extinguish the stereotypes implicit in age favoritism, such as that older people will be confronted with worsening wellness and should therefore accommodate to symptoms. In world, the bulk of older people describe themselves as being in good wellness and less than 1 % of the older population is in infirmary at any one clip ( Roberts, 2009 ) . There needs to be a move off from sing older people as an homogeneous group characterised by passiveness, neglecting wellness, and dependence. It is of import to observe that favoritism is non ever negative. Indeed, positive favoritism is frequently used for turn toing inequalities in wellness. For illustration, people who are over 60-years of age are entitled to free prescriptions and eyesight trials, and all registered patients over 75-years of age are offered an one-year primary attention wellness cheque. There are besides cases where favoritism through the rationing of services is viewed as justified. For illustration, it has been argued that the scene of expressed age bounds for everyday showing for certain diseases, such as where there is no grounds for an overall benefit in the older population, is justified. Nevertheless, age favoritism can come from the unintended effects on attitude towards hazard of disease where age bounds have been set. Age limits for everyday chest showing might be justifiable, but deficiency of consciousness of the handiness of testing on petition every bit good as deficiency of information on single hazard and self-care is non. A broad scope of mental wellness jobs can be experienced in ulterior life, including depression, anxiousness, craze, dementedness, schizophrenic disorder, and intoxicant and drug abuse. Undiagnosed depression is a peculiar job, with a one-fourth of people aged 65-years and over life in the community holding symptoms of depression, merely half of whom are diagnosed. Another survey estimates that depression affects 40 % of older people in attention places. Furthermore, there were 790 self-destructions amongst people aged 65-years and above in the UK in 2006. Up to 60 % of older people in infirmary have mental wellness jobs or develop them during their stay. Despite these overpowering statistics, the Royal College of Psychiatrists estimations that 85 % of older people with depression receive no aid at all from the NHS. Mental wellness services for older people are ill developed in many countries of the state and staff in mainstream services can miss the necessary cognition and preparation to cover with people with mental wellness jobs. Community nurses can play a major function in sensing and bar of mental wellness issues among the older population. It is important that nurses are trained in how to separate age-related cognitive and mental diminution from symptoms of depression and other mental wellness upsets. It is no longer acceptable to see worsening mental wellness as an inevitable portion of ripening, and fortuitously, greater attempts are afoot in footings of bettering the mental wellness of older people ( NICE, 2008 ) . For illustration, since regular exercising has good effects on general wellness, mobility and independency, every bit good as reduced hazard of depression and improved mental wellbeing and self-pride, recommendations have been made to advance physical activity in older people via trim exercising programmes in the community ( DH, 2005 ) . Traditionally, older people with mental unwellness have been excluded from intermediate attention, which was introduced in 2000 via the National Beds Enquiry in an effort to run into the demands for acute patient attention ensuing from an ageing population. The NSFOP ( 2001 ) defined the aims for intermediate attention services as being to advance independency by supplying enhanced services from the NHS and councils to forestall unneeded infirmary admittances and develop effectual rehabilitation services to enable early discharge from infirmary, every bit good as to forestall premature or unneeded admittance to long-run residential attention. As a consequence of exclusion from such services, in 2005 the Care Services Improvement Partnership ( 2005 ) emphasised that mental unwellness should be an built-in portion of service proviso. Therefore, nurses can play an of import function in signposting older patients with mental wellness issues to intercede or rehabilitative services. Box 6 high spots the five chief countries of action identified within the UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life. After reading about these five countries, complete Time out 4.Box 6: The UK Inquiry into Mental Health and Well-Being in Later Life – five countries for actionEnding favoritism: favoritism includes direct age favoritism, ageist attitudes and stigma. Cardinal actions outlined include taking age barriers to services, undertaking stigma associated with mental wellness jobs and paying more attending to ‘invisible ‘ groups such as older people with intoxicant and drug abuse jobs. Prioritizing bar: societal isolation is a common hazard factor for a scope of jobs. This indicates that nurses have a cardinal function in wellness publicity among older people. The study recommends disputing the ‘widespread defeatism ‘ that leads to the premise that mental wellness jobs are an inevitable portion of turning older. Reducing isolation, bettering societal support, and concentrating on forestalling depression and craze are outlined as cardinal actions. Enabling older people: merely a little per centum of older people with mental wellness jobs receive aid through formal services, so support for self-help and peer support is necessary. Cardinal actions focus on community development enterprises, advancing equal support and support for unpaid carers of older people. When sing inequalities in health care experienced by older people, it is of import to retrieve that older people are non a homogenous group. The proportion of older people from black and minority cultural communities is little but turning. One survey analyzing the hereafter ripening of the cultural minority population in England and Wales, reported a projection of 2.4 million black and cultural minority people aged 50-years and over in 2016, lifting to 3.8 million by 2026 and 7.4 million by 2051 ( Lievesley, 2010 ) . Over the same clip spans, there will be merely over half a million black and minority cultural people aged 70-years and over by 2016, more than 800,000 by 2026 and every bit many as 2.8 million by 2051. In the chief, older people from black and minority cultural groups tend to describe poorer wellness than their white opposite numbers ( Bajekal et al. , 2004 ) . Some besides report that they experience age-related alterations at an earlier age ( Ebrahim et al. , 1991 ) . Indeed, it has been suggested that wellness differences by ethnicity are really greatest among older people ( POST, 2007 ) . Key messages within the Better Health Briefing conducted by the Race Equality Foundation ( Moriarty, 2008 ) were that older people from black and minority cultural groups continue to have poorer intervention from wellness and societal attention services ; they are besides frequently under-represented among those utilizing services. Barriers to accessing services include deficiency of information, linguistic communication troubles, and differing outlooks about how services can assist. Stereotyped premises on the portion of professionals may besides move as a barrier to service usage. Older people from minority cultural groups portion positions similar to their white opposite numbers in footings of their thoughts about what constitutes a good quality service ( e.g. dependability and handling people as persons ) , but they may hold extra concerns, such as being able to portion the same linguistic communication. They besides place peculiar importance on associating the quality of wellness and societal attention services with other factors impacting on wellness, such as poorness, lodging, offense and racism ( Butt and O'Neil, 2004 ; Chahal and Temple, 2005 ; Manthorpe et al. , in imperativeness ) . All services should reflect the diverseness of this turning population. This is, nevertheless, seldom the instance. For illustration, in a study commissioned by Better Government for Older Peoples ( 2003 ) , it was identified that a 3rd of local governments who responded had attacks underway, another 3rd were sing or originating responses, but about one tierce of local governments had no programs to bring forth a strategic papers for run intoing the demands of their black and minority cultural older communities. Some wellness service suppliers continue to see older people in a stereotypic manner, where cognitive diminution, diminishing mental wellbeing, and deteriorating physical wellness are characterised as being portion of the ageing procedure. There is a clear demand for a greater consciousness of the function of wellness and wellbeing in the ripening procedure, via professional instruction, national policy directives, and modeling of best pattern. Nurses are at the head of public wellness bringing and are competently placed to show the importance of health care services free from ageist and prejudiced attitudes. There is a clear demand for a more conjunct policy focal point on physical and mental wellness in ulterior life, including the care and publicity of wellbeing every bit good as support for people with important mental unwellness or cognitive damage. There besides needs to be more attending to the altering long-run support demands of older people and those with complex or comorbid conditions, every bit good as more accent on incorporate support for people towards the terminal of life. Social exclusion thrusts inequalities in health care and older people, particularly those of cultural minority, are more vulnerable to this. Therefore, there needs to be more work on the bar of societal exclusion within the community and within the health care scene.

An Overview of Representative Problems

Krarup & Pruzan [27] have reviewed research on traditional facility location models that aim to minimize the sum of the fixed facility location and transportation costs by choosing the optimal facility locations among given probable sites to serve a set of customers. The objective function and constraints of these models are linear, but the resulting problems are NP-complete. Melo, Nickel and Saldahna [25] have reviewed facility location models in supply Chain and they focused more on integration of location decision along with other decision variables in the supply chain design. They noted that the role of facility location is decisive in supply chain network planning and this role is becoming more important with the increasing need for more comprehensive models that capture the real life constraint scenarios in detail. Leyla, Mark & Collette [29] in their recent publication claimed first work in the logistics literature that analyzes the potential savings that can be achieved by allowing a retailer to be sourced by more than one warehouse. They have proposed to leverage information technology to maximize the potential benefits. Huang et al. [30] paid attention to the opportunity of getting lower supplier prices by locating the warehouse correctly. In that theory, the optimal locations gravitate towards locations of the suppliers offering lower prices. However, if the price variability is high, the optimal location moves towards the demand's center of gravity. In those cases, it is beneficial for the organization to keep the location near that center of gravity and pay less attention to the supplier prices and supplier locations. The Research Problem: Many business managers are intending to answer following questions in the Post GST Scenario: â€Å"Will GST implementation enable supply chain network redesigning and Warehouse consolidation? Is it possible to create economic value and competitive advantage by altering the existing network to the more efficient one?† This project aims to study possible benefits of restructuring the warehouse network for a Food product company for their North India region in post GST set up.

Antebellum Homes - Architecture of Time and Place

Antebellum Homes - Architecture of Time and Place Antebellum homes refer to the large, elegant mansions - usually plantation homes - built in the American South during the 30 years or so before the American Civil War (1861-1865). Antebellum means before war in Latin. Antebellum is not a particular house style or architecture. Rather, it is a time and place in history - a period in American history that triggers great emotions even today. Antebellum Time and Place The features we associate with antebellum architecture were introduced to the American South by Anglo-Americans, outliers who moved into the area after the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and during a wave of immigration from Europe. Southern architecture had been characterized by whoever lived on the land - the Spanish, the French, Creole, Native Americans - but this new wave of entrepreneurs began to dominate not only the economy, but also the architecture in the first half of the 19th century. Great numbers of Europeans seeking economic opportunities emigrated to America after Napoleans defeat and the end of the War of 1812. These immigrants became the merchants and planters of goods to trade, including tobacco, cotton, sugar, and indigo.  The great plantations of Americas south flourished, largely on the back of a slave labor force. Antebellum architecture is so intertwined with the memory of American slavery that many people believe these buildings are not worth preserving or, even, should be destroyed. Stanton Hall, for example, was built in 1859 by  Frederick Stanton, born in  County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Stanton settled in  Natchez, Mississippi to become a wealthy cotton merchant. The plantation homes of the south, like Stanton Hall built before Americas Civil War, expressed wealth and the grand revival architectural styles of the day. Typical Characteristics of Antebellum Houses Most antebellum homes are in the Greek Revival or Classical Revival, and sometimes French Colonial and Federal style - grand, symmetrical, and boxy, with center entrances in the front and rear, balconies, and columns or pillars. This opulent style of architecture was popular throughout the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century. Architectural details include hipped or gabled roof; symmetrical faà §ade; evenly-spaced windows; Greek-type pillars and columns; elaborate friezes; balconies and covered porches; central entryway with a grand staircase; formal ballroom; and often a cupola. Examples of Antebellum Architecture The term antebellum stirs thoughts of Tara, the palatial plantation home featured in in the book and movie Gone with the Wind. From grand, pillared Greek Revival mansions to stately Federal style estates, Americas antebellum-era architecture reflects the power and idealism of wealthy landowners in the American South, prior to the Civil War. Plantation homes continue to rival Gilded Age mansions as Americas grand estates. A few examples of antebellum homes include Oak Alley Plantation in Vacherie, Louisiana; Belle Meade Plantation in Nashville, Tennessee; Long Branch Estate in Millwood, Virginia; and Longwood estate in Natchez, Mississippi. Much has been written and photographed of the homes of this time period. This architecture of time and place has served its original purpose, and the question now for these buildings is, Whats next? Many of these homes were ruined during the Civil War - and later by Hurricane Katrina along the Gulf Coast. After the Civil War, private schools often consumed the properties. Today, many are tourist destinations and some have become part of the hospitality industry. The question of preservation is ever-present for this type of architecture. But, should this part of Americas past be saved? Boone Hall Plantation near Charleston, South Carolina, was an established plantation even before the American Revolution - in the 1600s, the Boone family became original settlers of the South Carolina colony. Today the buildings on the grounds of this tourist destination have been largely rebuilt, with an attitude of integration of the lives of all, including a slave history presentation and a Black History in America exhibit. In addition to being a working farm, Boone Hall Plantation exposes the public to a time and place in American history. After Katrina: Lost Architecture in Mississippi New Orleans was not the only area damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The storm may have made landfall in Louisiana, but its path ripped straight through the length of the state of Mississippi. Millions of trees were uprooted, snapped or severely damaged, reported the National Weather Service from Jackson. It was the fallen trees that caused just about all of the structural damage and downed power lines across this region. Hundreds of trees fell onto homes causing minor to major damage. Its impossible to calculate the full extent of Hurricane Katrinas damages. In addition to the loss of lives, homes, and jobs, towns along Americas Gulf Coast lost some of their most valuable cultural resources. As residents began to clean up the rubble, historians and museum curators began to catalog the destruction. One example is Beauvoir, a raised cottage built shortly before the Civil War in 1851. It became the final home for Confederate leader Jefferson Davis. The porch and columns were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina, but the Presidential archives remained safe on the second floor. Other buildings in Mississippi were not so lucky, including these destroyed by the hurricane: The  Robinson-Maloney-Dantzler HouseBuilt in Biloxi c. 1849 by English immigrant J.G. Robinson, a wealthy cotton planter, this elegant, columned home had just been refurbished and was about to open as a Mardi Gras Museum. The Tullis Toledano ManorConstructed in 1856 by cotton broker Christoval Sebastian Toledano, the Biloxi mansion was a stately Greek Revival home with massive brick columns. Grass LawnAlso known as Milner House, this 1836 Antebellum mansion in Gulfport, Mississippi was the summer home of  Dr. Hiram Alexander Roberts, a medical doctor and sugar planter. The home was destroyed in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina, but in 2012 a replica was built on the same footprint. The controversial project is reported well by Jay Pridmore in Rebuilding a Historic Mississippi Plantation. Preservation of National Historic Sites Saving great architecture played second fiddle to saving lives and public safety concerns during and after Hurricane Katrina. Cleanup efforts began immediately and often without adhering to the National Historic Preservation Act.  So much damage was done by Katrina that there was a great need to clean up the debris, but little time to enter into the proper consultation required by the National Historic Preservation Act,† said Ken P’Pool of the Historic Preservation Division, Mississippi Department of Archives and History. A similar circumstance happened in New York City after the terrorist attacks of 9/11/01, when clean-up and rebuilding was mandated to work within what had become a national historic site. In 2015, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) completed a database of properties and archaeological sites, reviewed thousands of recovery projects and grant applications, and erected cast aluminum historic markers commemorating 29 of the hundreds of lost properties. Sources The Story of Stanton Hall, stantonhall.com/stanton-hall.php [accessed July 21, 2016]A Look Back at Hurricane Katrina, National Weather Service Jackson, MS Weather Forecast OfficeNational Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet, NPS Form 10-900-a Prepared by William M. Gatlin, Architectural Historian, August 2008 (PDF)FEMA Helps Mississippi Preserve Important Architectural Properties, DR-1604-MS NR 757, August 19, 2015 [accessed August 23, 2015]

Word Choice Causal vs. Casual - Writing Tips with Get Proofed!

Word Choice Causal vs. Casual - Writing Tips with Get Proofed! Word Choice: Causal vs. Casual Sometimes typos are obvious. If you write â€Å"teh† instead of â€Å"the,† for example, it’s easy to spot the error. Half the time your phone or computer will autocorrect it for you! But things get trickier with â€Å"causal† and â€Å"casual.† One keystroke out of place here and you get a completely different word. And since â€Å"causal† and â€Å"casual† are both proper words, you can’t rely on autocorrect to help you out. Luckily, then, we’re here to help out with our quick guide to how these words should be used. Causal (Related to Causation) â€Å"Causal† means â€Å"related to causation.† We use it when discussing relationships of cause and effect: Our study looks at the causal relationship between weather and mood. The key thing to remember with this word is that it’s always related to the cause of something. The â€Å"causal relationship† above, for example, refers to how weather affects how we feel. The weather today will start out gloomy, but by lunch it will be looking more upbeat. Casual (Informal or Relaxed) The word â€Å"casual† has a few different uses, but it usually refers to being informal, relaxed, or unconcerned about something. For example, we might say: To the casual observer, this wedding looked just like any other. Here, â€Å"casual observer† implies a non-expert or someone who is not paying close attention. We could also say: You can’t turn up to a wedding ceremony in casual clothes! In this case, â€Å"casual clothes† refers to jeans, trainers, or other informal clothing. If we can see your knees, youre dressed casually. A slightly different use is to mean â€Å"irregular† or â€Å"temporary,† such as when we talk about â€Å"casual work† (i.e., work without regular hours). Even this sense of â€Å"casual† draws on the idea of an informal or relaxed relationship, though, so it isn’t too far from the other uses outlined above. Causal or Casual? As you can see, â€Å"causal† and â€Å"casual† have very different uses. The good news is that this makes it easy to remember the difference. The bad news is that a minor typo could lead to a big error! The best way to avoid mistakes with these words is to proofread your work carefully. And remember: Causal = Related to causation Casual = Informal or relaxed

Leadership styles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership styles - Research Paper Example Their ability to perform the aforementioned things relies on the leadership style adopted. Thus, at any time the leader or the manager should employ these styles. An important issue arises and this will be subject in this paper, how are the managers capable of altering their leadership styles (as described in situational leadership theory) to communicate and motivate the employees. There are four leadership styles (the selling or coaching style, the participating or supporting style, the telling or directing style, and the delegating style) and each style will be discussed in detail and applied in the case of General Electric. Specifically, the paper will explore the leadership style of Jeff Immelt, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of General Electric. General Electric is among many companies that have excelled in their leadership styles. The leadership style employed has been used as a benchmark for most organizations and companies. It is noted that the four leadership styles are c rucial for the success or failure of a company. As seen in General Electric case, a leader or a manager can apply all the four leadership styles to steer the organization. However, there is a tendency to use one leadership style more than the others are. General Electric In 1876, in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Alva Edison opened a laboratory where he could discover the prospects of the dynamo and other electrical tools or devices that he had realized in the exposition. By the year 1890, Edison launched the Edison General Electric Company by merging his various businesses. At the same time, a competitor appeared, the Thomson-Houston Company. Thomson-Houston Company became the principal electrical company through a series of unions or mergers led by Charles A. Coffin (General Electric Company, 2012). As the businesses grew, it became very difficult for either of the company to generate complete electrical installations depending entirely on their own technologies and patents. The t wo companies merged in the year 1892, and the new organization was called the General Electric Company. A number of Edison’s initial business offerings are still a portion of General Electric (GE) today and they include transportation, power transmission, medical equipment, industrial products, and lighting. The initial GE Appliances electric fans were generated at the Ft. Wayne electric works in the early 1890s. Full line of cooking and heating devices was first produced in 1907(General Electric Company, 2012). The GE Aircraft Engines started its operations in 1917 when the United States government started its search for a company that could produce the first airplane booster. Edison’s experiments with plastic filaments for the light bulbs started in 1893 and this led to the creation of the GE Plastics department in 1930. The General Electric leaders over the years have created a diverse portfolio of prominent businesses;a series of dominant company-wide initiatives t hat reduces cost and drives growth; Controllership and financial strength that permit it capitalize on openings through several cycles; and a collection of common values which permit it to face every environment with confidence(General Electric Company, 2012). Analysis The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Model illustrates the relation between the willingness of the followers and leadership style based on relationship and task behaviors of leaders.